Monday, December 23, 2019

Terrorism and Interpol National Central Essay - 854 Words

Interpol is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries including the United States. Interpol was created in 1923 and headquartered in Lyon France, it facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime including terrorism. Interpol aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Interpol’s constitution prohibits any intervention or activities of a political, military,†¦show more content†¦In order to help member countries report terrorist activity, Interpol has issued practical guidelines on the type of information required. Member countries are also encouraged to report on other crimes whic h may be linked to terrorism, such as suspicious financial transactions, weapons trafficking, money laundering, falsified travel and identity documents, and seizures of nuclear, chemical and biological materials. The growing possibility of terrorists launching attacks with biological or chemical weapons is a particularly urgent concern. A dedicated bio-terrorism unit at the General Secretariat works to implement various projects with the close co-operation of Interpol National Central Bureaus and regional offices. As the planning for terrorist attacks often spans countries and regions, fighting terrorism requires the same level of effort and cooperation among nations. Spearheading Interpols anti-terrorism efforts is the Fusion Task Force (FTF), created in September 2002 in the wake of the alarming rise in the scale and sophistication of international terrorist attacks. Task Force Fusion’s primary objectives are to identify terrorist groups and their membership, solicit, colle ct, and share information and intelligence, provide analytical support, and to enhance the capacity of member countries to address the threats of terrorism. How did the terrorist attacks of SeptemberShow MoreRelatedThe Illicit Trade Of Drugs For Terrorism1205 Words   |  5 PagesOur globe is plagued by a number of issues, one of the most pressing and widespread being terrorism. The nation of Cameroon believes that through international cooperation, this body of the United Nations can solve one of the major facets that contributes to terrorism: narcoterrorism. The illicit trade of drugs for terrorism funding is debilitating to large and small nations alike, and must be debated and resolved in a manner most timely and suitable to its nature. History Recently, the countryRead MoreEssay about Interpol1457 Words   |  6 PagesInterpol Interpol is an abbreviation for international police, which is the largest international police organisation. Partly because of its size it has encountered many problems. The question is: What problems were Interpol faced in attempting to achieve its aims since its formation in 1923? As the name says it, its job is to act as police for the whole world sharing informationRead MorePolice and Law Enforcement Agencies3149 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction The INTERPOL represents the largest police organization in the world consisting of about 186 member countries. The INTERPOL is therefore, a police organization whose main agenda is to promote cross border police cooperation. Its operations are funded by the member states, which is through the yearly contributions of approximately $59 million. In terms of international organizations, it is ranked second after the United Nations. 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Some of the otherRead MoreCj415 Final Exam1716 Words   |  7 Pages2 Generally, the police forces of any given country are much more likely to be dealing with ___________ crime and much less likely, if ever, to be dealing with _________ crime. transnational, international international, transnational national, global organized, international 2 points Question 3 Offenses, whose inception, prevention, and/or direct or indirect effects involved more than one country is an example of: international transnational global world 2 points Read MoreDescription And Description Of Personal Details1716 Words   |  7 Pagesresearcher Steve Wright, advanced interception equipment has made it possible for modern technology to become virtually transparent. He mentioned that within Europe, all email, telephone and fax communications are routinely intercepted by the US National Security Agency, transferring all targeted information from the European mainland to Fort Meade Maryland. This system indiscriminately intercepts large quantities of communications and then siphons out what is valuable by using artificial intelligenceRead MoreTerrorism Within The 21st Century1846 Words   |  8 PagesBrittany Sciolaro Terrorism in 21st Century Dr. Guler 10/25/15 Al Qaeda Violent acts to frighten people and trying to achieve political goals; one of the many definitions of terrorism. There are more than over one hundred different definitions of terrorism. There is no consensus among countries about the definition of terrorism. Even the United States cannot define terrorism due to conflicts within other countries and states. The leader of the al Qaeda terrorist organization is Osama Bin Laden.

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Forward the Foundation Chapter 2 Free Essays

2 But Seldon, while he did not forget Amaryl’s warning, did not think of it with any great degree of concentration. His fortieth birthday came and went-with the usual psychological blow. Forty! He was not young any longer. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Life no longer stretched before him as a vast uncharted field, its horizon lost in the distance. He had been on Trantor for eight years and the time had passed quickly. Another eight years and he would be nearly fifty. Old age would be looming. And he had not even made a decent beginning in psychohistory? Yugo Amaryl spoke brightly of laws and worked out his equations by making daring assumptions based on intuition. But how could one possibly test those assumptions? Psychohistory was not yet an experimental science. The complete study of psychohistory would require experiments that would involve worlds of people, centuries of time-and a total lack of ethical responsibility. It posed an impossible problem and he resented having to spend any time whatever on departmental tasks, so he walked home at the end of the day in a morose mood. Ordinarily he could always count on a walk through the campus to rouse his spirits. Streeling University was high-domed and the campus gave the feeling of being out in the open without the necessity of enduring the kind of weather he had experienced on his one (and only) visit to the Imperial Palace. There were trees, lawns, walks, almost as though he were on the campus of his old college on his home world of Helicon. The illusion of cloudiness had been arranged for the day with the sunlight (no sun, of course, just sunlight) appearing and disappearing at odd intervals. And it was a little cool, just a little. It seemed to Seldon that the cool days came a little more frequently than they used to. Was Trantor saving energy? Was it increasing inefficiency? Or (and he scowled inwardly as he thought it) was he getting old and was his blood getting thin? He placed his hands in his jacket pockets and hunched up his shoulders. Usually he did not bother guiding himself consciously. His body knew the way perfectly from his offices to his computer room and from there to his apartment and back. Generally he negotiated the path with his thoughts elsewhere, but today a sound penetrated his consciousness. A sound without meaning. â€Å"Jo†¦ Jo†¦ Jo†¦ Jo†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was rather soft and distant, but it brought back a memory. Yes, Amaryl’s warning. The demagogue. Was he here on campus? His legs swerved without Seldon’s making a conscious decision and brought him over the low rise to the University Field, which was used for calisthenics, sports, and student oratory. In the middle of the Field was a moderate-sized crowd of students who were chanting enthusiastically. On a platform was someone he didn’t recognize, someone with a loud voice and a swaying rhythm. It wasn’t this man, Joranum, however. He had seen Joranum on holovision a number of times. Since Amaryl’s warning, Seldon had paid close attention. Joranum was large and smiled with a kind of vicious camaraderie. He had thick sandy hair and light blue eyes. This speaker was small, if anything-thin, wide-mouthed, dark-haired, and loud. Seldon wasn’t listening to the words, though he did hear the phrase â€Å"power from the one to the many† and the many-voiced shout in response. Fine, thought Seldon, but just how does he intend to bring this about-and is he serious? He was at the outskirts of the crowd now and looked around far someone he knew. He spotted Finangelos, a pre-math undergraduate. Not a bad young man, dark and woolly-haired. â€Å"Finangelos,† he called out. â€Å"Professor Seldon† said Finangelos after a moment of staring as though unable to recognize Seldon without a keyboard at his fingertips he trotted over. â€Å"Did you come to listen to this guy?† â€Å"I didn’t come for any purpose but to find out what the noise was. Who is he?† â€Å"His name is Namarti, Professor. He’s speaking for Jo-Jo.† â€Å"I hear that, † said Seldon as he listened to the chant again. It began each time the speaker made a telling point, apparently. â€Å"But who is this Namarti? I don’t recognize the name. What department is he in?† â€Å"He’s not a member of the University, Professor. He’s one of Jo-Jo’s men.† â€Å"If he’s not a member of the University, he has no right to speak here without a permit. Does he have one, do you suppose?† â€Å"I wouldn’t know, Professor.† â€Å"Well then, let’s find out.† Seldon started into the crowd, but Finangelos caught his sleeve. â€Å"Don’t start anything, Professor. He’s got goons with him.† There were six young men behind the speaker, spaced rather widely, legs apart, arms folded, scowling. â€Å"Goons?† â€Å"For rough stuff, in case anyone tries anything funny.† â€Å"Then he’s certainly not a member of the University and even a permit wouldn’t cover what you call his ‘goons’. Finangelos, signal through to the University security officers. They should have been here by now without a signal.† â€Å"I guess they don’t want trouble,† muttered Finangelos. â€Å"Please, Professor, don’t try anything. If you want me to get the security officers, I will, but you just wait till they come.† â€Å"Maybe I can break this up before they come.† He began pushing his way through. It wasn’t difficult. Some of those present recognized him and all could see the professorial shoulder patch. He reached the platform, placed his hands on it, and vaulted up the three feet with a small grunt. He thought, with chagrin, that he could have done it with one hand ten years before and without the grunt. He straightened up. The speaker had stopped talking and was looking at him with wary and ice-hard eyes. Seldon said calmly, â€Å"Your permit to address the students, sir.† â€Å"Who are you?† said the speaker. He said it loudly, his voice carrying. â€Å"I’m a member of the faculty of this University,† said Seldon, equally loudly. â€Å"Your permit, sir?† â€Å"I deny your right to question me on the matter.† The young men behind the speaker had gathered closer. â€Å"If you have none, I would advise you to leave the University grounds immediately.† â€Å"And if I don’t?† â€Å"Well, for one thing, the University security officers are on their way.† He turned to the crowd. â€Å"Students,† he called out, â€Å"we have the right of free speech and freedom of assembly on this campus, but it can be taken away from us if we allow outsiders, without permits, to make unauthorized-â€Å" A heavy hand fell on his shoulder and he winced. He turned around and found it was one of the men Finangelos had referred to as â€Å"goons.† The man said, with a heavy accent whose provenance Seldon could not immediately identify, â€Å"Get out of here fast. â€Å" â€Å"What good will that do?† said Seldon. â€Å"The security officers will be here any minute.† â€Å"In that case,† said Namarti with a feral grin, â€Å"there’ll be a riot. That doesn’t scare us.† â€Å"Of course it wouldn’t,† said Seldon. â€Å"You’d like it, but there won’t be a riot. You’ll all go quietly.† He turned again to the students and shrugged off the hand on his shoulder. â€Å"We’ll see to that, won’t we?† Someone in the crowd shouted, â€Å"That’s Professor Seldon! He’s all right! Don’t pound him!† Seldon sensed ambivalence in the crowd. There would be some, he knew, who would welcome a dust-up with the University security officers, just on general principles. On the other hand, there had to be some who liked him personally and still others who did not know him but who would not want to see violence against a member of the faculty. A woman’s voice rang out. â€Å"Watch out, Professor!† Seldon sighed and regarded the large young men he faced. He didn’t know if he could do it, if his reflexes were quick enough, his muscles sturdy enough, even given his prowess at Twisting. One goon was approaching him, overconfidently of course. Not quickly, which gave Seldon a little of the time his aging body would need. The goon held out his arm confrontationally, which made it easier. Seldon seized the arm, whirled, and bent, arm up, and then down (with a grunt-why did he have to grunt?), and the goon went flying through the air, propelled partly by his own momentum. He landed with a thump on the outer edge of the platform, his right shoulder dislocated. There was a wild cry from the audience at this totally unexpected development. Instantly an institutional pride erupted. â€Å"Take them, Prof!† a lone voice shouted. Others took up the cry. Seldon smoothed back his hair, trying not to puff. With his foot he shoved the groaning fallen goon off the platform. â€Å"Anyone else?† he asked pleasantly. â€Å"Or will you leave quietly?† He faced Namarti and his five henchmen and as they paused irresolutely, Seldon said, â€Å"I warn you. The crowd is on my side now. If you try to rush me, they’ll take you apart. Okay, who’s next? Let’s go. One at a time.† He had raised his voice with the last sentence and made small come-hither motions with his fingers. The crowd yelled its pleasure. Namarti stood there stolidly. Seldon leaped past him and caught his neck in the crook of his arm. Students were climbing onto the platform now, shouting â€Å"One at a time! One at a time!† and getting between the bodyguards and Seldon. Seldon increased the pressure on the other’s windpipe and whispered in his ear, â€Å"There’s a way to do this, Namarti, and I know how: I’ve practiced it for years. If you make a move and try to break away, I’ll ruin your larynx so that you’ll never talk above a whisper again. If you value your voice, do as I say. When I let up, you tell your bunch of bullies to leave. If you say anything else, they’ll be the last words you’ll say normally. And if you ever come back to this campus again, no more Mr. Nice Guy. I’ll finish the job.† He released the pressure momentarily. Namarti said huskily, â€Å"All of you. Get out.† They retreated rapidly, helping their stricken comrade. When the University security officers arrived a few moments later, Seldon said, â€Å"Sorry, gentlemen. False alarm.† He left the Field and resumed his walk home with more than a little chagrin. He had revealed a side of himself he did not want to reveal. He was Hari Seldon, mathematician, not Hari Seldon, sadistic twister. Besides, he thought gloomily, Dors would hear of this. In fact, he’d better tell her himself, lest she hear a version that made the incident seem worse than it really was. She would not be pleased. 3 She wasn’t. Dors was waiting for him at the door of their apartment in an easy stance, hand on one hip, looking very much as she had when he had first met her at this very University eight years before: slim, shapely, with curly reddish-gold hair-very beautiful in his eyes but not very beautiful in any objective sense, though he had never been able to assess her objectively after the first few days of their friendship. Dors Venabili! That’s what he thought when he saw her calm face. There were many worlds, even many sectors on Trantor where it would have been common to call her Dors Seldon, but that, he always thought, would put the mark of ownership on her and he did not wish it, even though the custom was sanctioned by existence back into the vague mists of the pre-Imperial past. Dors said, softly and with a sad shake of her head that barely disturbed her loose curls, â€Å"I’ve heard, Hari. Just what am I going to do with you?† â€Å"A kiss would not be amiss.† â€Å"Well, perhaps, but only after we probe this a little. Come in.† The door closed behind them. â€Å"You know, dear, I have my course and my research. I’m still doing that dreadful history of the Kingdom of Trantor, which you tell me is essential to your own work. Shall I drop it all and take to wandering around with you, protecting you? It’s still my job, you know. It’s more than ever my job, now that you’re making progress with psychohistory.† â€Å"Making progress? I wish I were. But you needn’t protect me.† â€Å"Needn’t I? I sent Raych out looking for you. After all, you were late and I was concerned. You usually tell me when you’re going to be late. I’m sorry if that makes me sound as though I’m your keeper, Hari, but I am your keeper.† â€Å"Does it occur to you, Keeper Dors, that every once in a while I like to slip my leash?† â€Å"And if something happens to you, what do I tell Demerzel?† â€Å"Am I too late for dinner? Have we clicked for kitchen service?† â€Å"No. I was waiting for you. And as long as you’re here, you click it. You’re a great deal pickier than I am when it comes to food. And don’t change the subject.† â€Å"Didn’t Raych tell you that I was all right? So what’s there to talk about?† â€Å"When he found you, you were in control of the situation and he got back here first, but not by much. I didn’t hear any details. Tell me-What-were-you-doing?† Seldon shrugged. â€Å"There was an illegal gathering, Dors, and I broke it up. The University could have gotten a good deal of trouble it didn’t need if I hadn’t.† â€Å"And it was up to you to prevent it? Hari. you’re not a Twister anymore. You’re a -â€Å" He put in hastily, â€Å"An old man?† â€Å"For a Twister, yes. You’re forty. How do you feel?† â€Å"Well-A little stiff.† â€Å"I can well imagine. And one of these days, when you try to pretend you’re a young Heliconian athlete, you’ll break a rib. Now tell me about it.† â€Å"Well, I told you how Amaryl warned me that Demerzel was in trouble because of the demagoguery of Jo-Jo Joranum.† â€Å"Jo-Jo. Yes, I know that much. What don’t I know? What happened today?† â€Å"There was a rally at the Field. A Jo-Jo partisan named Namarti was addressing the crowd-â€Å" â€Å"Namarti is Gambol Deen Namarti, Joranum’s right-hand man.† â€Å"Well, you know more about it than I do. In any case, he was addressing a large crowd and he had no permit and I think he was hoping there would be some sort of riot. They feed on these disorders and if he could close down the University even temporarily, he would charge Demerzel with the destruction of academic freedom. I gather they blame him for everything. So I stopped them. Sent them off without a riot.† â€Å"You sound proud.† â€Å"Why not? Not bad for a man of forty.† â€Å"Is that why you did it? To test your status at forty?† Seldon thoughtfully clicked the dinner menu. Then he said, â€Å"No. I really was concerned that the University would get into needless trouble. And I was concerned about Demerzel. I’m afraid that Yugo’s tales of danger had impressed me more than I realized. That was stupid, Dors, because I know that Demerzel can take care of himself. I couldn’t explain that to Yugo or to anyone but you.† He drew in a deep breath. â€Å"It’s amazing what a pleasure it is that I can at least talk to you about it. You know and I know and Demerzel knows and no one else knows-at least, that I know of-that Demerzel is untouchable.† Dors touched a contact on a recessed wall panel and the dining section of their living quarters lit up with a soft peach-colored glow. Together, she and Hari walked to the table, which was already set with linen, crystal, and utensils. As they sat, the dinner began to arrive-there was never any long delay at this time of evening-and Seldon accepted it quite casually. He had long since grown accustomed to the social position that made it unnecessary for them to patronize the faculty dinners. Seldon savored the seasonings they had learned to enjoy during their stay at Mycogen-the only thing about that strange, male-dominated, religion-permeated, living-in-the-past sector they had not detested. Dors said softly, â€Å"How do you mean, ‘untouchable’?† â€Å"Come, dear, he can alter emotions. You haven’t forgotten that. If Joranum really became dangerous, he could be†-he made a vague gesture with his hands- â€Å"altered: made to change his mind.† Dors looked uncomfortable and the meal proceeded in an unusual silence. It wasn’t until it was over and the remains-dishes, cutlery, and all-swirled down the disposal chute in the center of the table (which then smoothly covered itself over) that she said, â€Å"I’m not sure I want to talk about this, Hari, but I can’t let you be fooled by your own innocence.† â€Å"Innocence?† He frowned. â€Å"Yes. We’ve never talked about this. I never thought it would come up, but Demerzel has shortcomings. He is not untouchable, he may be harmed, and Joranum is indeed a danger to him.† â€Å"Are you serious?† â€Å"Of course I am. You don’t understand robots-certainly not one as complex as Demerzel. And I do.† How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 2, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Causes of Corruption in Public Sector Case Study @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Prepare a research proposal using appropriate reporting conventions and referencing. In your proposal you are required to select and justify a topic for research relevant to your MSc programme. Your proposal should include a review of current literature and a discussion of your choice of method. Answer: Abstract The article named Causes of Corruption in Public Sector has focused on the facilitators that result in corruption. The issue has become an issue of economic and political significance. Crime has been increasing incessantly and led to the decline of nobility in the public sector. The article reviews the concept and causes of corruption in public sector. Personal observations and data are utilized to explain corruption practices in the public sector because of low risk-high benefits, societal pressure, and a few other factors. Introduction and Background Introduction to the Study The aim of this study is to define and address the causes of corruption that is leading to global impacts. Corruption has a major impact on the political and economic system that affects participation and representation in the society. It should be noted that corruption has been prevalent for decades. Nevertheless, it has been growing aggressively in the global world. The study intends to address the factors that cause corruption in public sector. Corruption affects lives of people at all grounds, as there are people who take undue advantage of their positions. Corruption is an unethical practice that is practiced by officials for their private benefits. There is a need to address the causes of such corruption . Background and Significance of the Study The reason for choosing this as a topic of research is to measure the impact of corruption on public. This paper would help the organizations in assisting with the eradication of such practices. The research is undertaken for having an insight to a wider range of disciplines and potential application of ethical practices. The research could serve prevention of corrupt practices in the public sector if the facilitators or enablers are addressed. There are different casual sequences and contextual factors that contribute to corruption. With the analysis of those factors, ethical practices can be framed, and public can increase their moral faith on public sector organizations. Development of knowledge can help in developing a preventive strategy for anti-corruption . Research Questions/ Hypothesis Every country is ranked on The Transparency International index that determines the level of corruption practiced by a particular country or economy. These rankings are based by several criterions such as embezzlement of public funds, bribery to public servants, the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts and cuts in government procurement. The rank for every country reveals the lack of accountability from civil servants, an increase in practices and negative changes in the public sector . The main research question for this piece of work is identified as- What are the factors that cause corruption in the public sector? With the identification of facilitators or enablers of public sector corruption, reform measures can be offered for reducing the rate of corruption in public sector. There is hope that these factors can help in resolving the high rates of corruptive practices for making the public sector more efficient and effective. There are other subsidiary questions that are answered in the report- What are the different forms of corruption in the public sector? What are the effects of corruption in the public sector? Why is there a need to take preventive measures against corruption in the public sector? These subsidiary questions help in answering the impacts or ill-effects of corruption in public sector. These factors help would in inducing and materializing the urgency of anti-corruptive policies and procedures. Hypothesis 1- There is a positive relationship between corruption and country risk in the market. It is further assumed that there is a direct and positive relationship between corruption and country risk. Public sectors are meant to serve the public. The officials are public servants. Starting with a few corrupt practices, it forms a slippery slope where people fail to understand the difference between ethical and unethical practices. These practices slowly develop into a slowdown of economic, political and social structures. With every increase in corruption, the risk of country increases and vice versa . Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aims and objectives of this study are threefold stated as under- To explore the causes of corruption in the public sector. To address the issues or potential risks due to public sector corruption To offer a base for taking preventive measures for corruptive practices. The paper helps in the synthesizing literature on corruption by assessing political, economic and social conditions. The study also helps in identifying evidence that corruption exists in financial, social and economic sectors. It is important to highlight the causes of corruption in the public sector because public services are vital to the growth of every country. The roles and responsibilities of every public official are critical as they make or ruin administration of the country. This survey represents a lack of accountability from officials that are not harshly penalized helping them in getting away easily. Methodological Approach This study is a literature review with systematic principles and reviews for a more flexible data analysis method. Data is collected from primary sources such as interviewing and questionnaires. The secondary sources are also used such as journals, newspaper articles, and other relevant academic sources. The data in these sources are collected from either internal or external sources. Quantitative data is collected for showing the increase in corruptive practices. Limitations of the Study For this paper, there were limitations of time and space. Since there was limited time, online surveys and reports have to be considered and not take the local people who are victims of corruption. While the report and studies have contributed to the understanding of corruptive practices and its causes, the biggest limitation lies in measuring corruption through perception indexes. The causal effects of corruptive practices are also difficult to identify that has a risk of biases. The report fails to focus on the forces over government officials that sometimes make them do so. The threats by any other person with a criminal background that has to be faced by government officials are ignored. Definition of Terms Corruption- It is a form of unethical or dishonest conduct by a person for acquiring personal benefit. The person is entrusted with his power or position that is taken undue advantage of, for personal gains. It is the use of legitimate powers for illegitimate private benefits (Doig and Theobald 2013). Bureaucracy- An organization made of several divisions or departments administered by a lot of people is bureaucracy. The administrative body with non-elective officials who frame policies are members of the bureaucracy. The officials who compose the administration are known as bureaucrats (Adler 2012). Literature Review According to Jose Ugaz, Chairman of Transparency International, "Countries at the bottom need to adopt radical anti-corruption measures in favor of their people. Countries at the top of the index should make sure they don't export corrupt practices to underdeveloped countries" (Transparency.org, 2016). In literature, there are distinctions made between causes of corruption relating to salaries, working conditions, and chances of corrupt practice occurrence. There are degrees of corruption such as highly corrupt or less corrupt official. Corruption is the misuse of public position or power for an undue advantage for self or others. There are several instances that contribute or form together as corruptive practices. A few examples or forms are fraud, bribery, embezzlement, and extortion, exchanging goods for information or money, perverting the court of justice and trading in influence. These corrupt conducts can occur through unlawful actions of officials in the public sector for attempting inappropriate functions of the government sector. Certain crime groups seek help or support from public sector officials for gaining access to public funds, protection, information and other services that contribute to criminal activities. Such activities have a serious impact on the industries, government, and national security. These organized crimes usually have multiple consequences as there is a risk of links between the public sector and crime groups. It is challenging to identify and investigate the source of corruption as there is mutual consent between the two involved persons. Hence, it is difficult to trace the corrupt individual (Nur-tegin and Czap 2012). There are six theories that are related to causes of corruption. Public Choice Theory The theory was developed by Gordon Tullock and James Buchanan, who explain the basis of making public decisions. The causal chain is related with an individual making a rational decision for a predetermined outcome. The person making the decision is calculative as he decides to act corruptly because he identifies the number of gains to him would identify the disadvantages. There are situations where the potential benefits due to corruption are greater than the potential disadvantages or costs (Dunleavy 2014). Trust plays an important role in the theory as there are fewer chances of getting caught. The argument applies to a particular situation and not for general determining factors. The theory does not account for triggering sources within a particular situation. This theory usually involves the interaction of politicians, voting public, political action committees and bureaucracies (Dreher and Gassebner 2011). Bad apple theory The theory focuses on seeking the cause of faulty moral character within people. These faults are called bad-apples in the theory. The cause of corruption is because of defective moral values such as greed. These characteristic features predispositions a person towards criminal activity and corruptive practices. According to this theory, wrong values are the cause of corruption. The official is after material gain such as money, higher social standing, etc. This theory is usually applicable for police officers as they have to fulfill public expectations. The theory is hardly based on empirical claims. Social control theory may apply for controlling corruption by changing moral beliefs and aspirations (Gottschalk 2011). Organizational culture theories The literature determines the corruption by organizational structure and systems, but not individuals who perform corrupt practices. There are certain features or unethical practices in the organization that forms a corrupt culture with underlying assumptions, norms, and values. The theory determines that there are certain conditions or systems in the organization that leads to corruption. There are dynamics that transcend individuals. The theory believes that an once an organizational culture is corrupt, every person in the organization are under the risk of becoming corrupt (Campbell and Gritz 2013). Clashing moral values theories The literature differentiates between private obligations and public role of corrupt officials. It is caused due to influence of values and norms of society. These values and norms held by the society make the individuals make them corrupt. For instance, gift giving is highly valued and pervasive in the private sector. Morality plays an important role in causing corruption. Values help in determining behavior. There are situations where the values of the family are stronger that help in making a good official; the resources are often used to benefit the family or any other personal interest group. Officials may feel obliged to help their personal interest group due to a clash between morality and ethical responsibility. The macro morality requires the officials to treat people differently whereas micro morality requires the officials to help their close ones wherever possible (Fukuyama 2014). The ethos of public administration theories This theory is closely linked with organizational culture theories except for concern towards culture in society. The political and economic structures are studied in this theory. The theory creates societal pressure through levels of the organization. There is a lack of focus and attention on organizational effectiveness. If certain public sectors are reformed, there is a chance that the administration becomes hollow. The new structure or reform may lack fundamental values. In these situations, the public officials do not aim to serve the greater good of society. The literature focuses on the morality of society being wrong. The situations are usually encountered in emerging democracies (Salminen and Mntysalo 2013). Correlation theories The correlation model considers all possible aspects such as individual, societal and organizational levels. This theory does not study individual cases but considers macro-variables such as poverty, organized crime, the income of public servants, political stability, and democracy. The income of a country is directly linked with political and economic systems. Corruption is associated with the values and norms of individual politicians and civil servants, the lack of commitment to the public integrity of leadership, organizational problems and failures, the relationship between the public sector and business, and the strength of organized crime (Balan and Knack 2012). Research Methodology and Analysis Research Methodology The data was also collected through primary research method of personal interviewing and questionnaire. The questions were asked to the respondents in the same manner. The method of interviewing was chosen because an instant reaction could be observed on their face and there was less chance of hiding information. The data is mainly collected from secondary sources such as newspaper articles, academic journals, and other reliable sources. Major data and findings are collected from the survey conducted by Transparency Internationals global corruption barometer. Sampling For primary data, the sample size was chosen as 50 respondents out of which 26 people were public servants. The number of respondents was sufficient to provide information on common causes of corruption. The secondary data is collected for 114,000 people in 107 countries across the world through Transparency Internationals global corruption barometer (Evans 2013). Ethical Considerations The process of data collection had several ethical considerations such as non-voluntary participation of people. The respondents were not forced to provide information or involve in interviewing process. No names are quoted in the report and confidentiality is maintained through data processing. Discussion and Implications Data Findings According to the primary data analysis, 35% respondents considered poor salaries to be a major cause of corruption. Personal greed, civil society contribution, lack of accountability were other responses contributing to the remaining 65%. According to the reports of Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer 2013, there has been an increase in corruption by 65% where a primary reason has been a bribe. The investigations further state that there has been an increasing in paying bribes to 5% in the year 2013 (Evans 2013). Across the world, the government has made efforts that have been reducing over the years. It was reported that the efforts reduced to 22% from 31% in 2013. 78% of the Egyptians reported that the police were either corrupt or extremely corrupt (Evans 2013). According to the report by HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, UK had an increase in some corrupt police officers (Evans 2013). One person in 20 claims to have paid a bribe in the past year to access public services ranging from health and education to justice in Britain (Darbyshire 2015). The media and politicians were most corrupt reporting up to 69 percent and 66 percent (Owen 2013). Critical Discussion Corruption is a destructive force that has affected countries across the world. Crime is caused by many factors such as lack of accountability, low salaries, political instability, insecure officials, personal ambition or greed, working conditions and civil society contribution. Corruption is a social phenomenon that 's hard to define. The abuse of power for personal gain is corruption. Public sector corruption varies according to geographical locations. Corruption has various forms such as bribery, embezzlement, fraud, transfer of information, intimidation, extortion, nepotism, conflict of interest, abuse of power, money laundering, identity theft and illegal contributions. These are the forms of corruption in the public sector as they are the most common means for getting the work done (Koudelkov and Senichev 2015). The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index has been available since 1995 and has been used extensively as the basis for indicators of the extent and likelihood of corruption in a given location. There are countries that had an unstable political stability due to human rights abuses. These factors lead to a decline in political interference and real wages. These factors gave rise to necessities in taking bribes. The level of social trust in a particular context is an external factor that has not received as much attention but has been observed to have an economic and political impact (Cooper 2012). The non-compliance to formal procedures and inexperienced officials centrally pursued corruption. There is a high incidence of poverty, rising costs of living and economic hardships that force public officials to seek bribes. It becomes difficult for the workers to follow norms and high ideals of integrity. There are times and situations when the higher officials felt insecure and threatened because of job security. These conditions force the officials to plunder a mass of opportunity with a fear of getting thrown out of office. There are personal greed and ambition involved with people. There are unrestrained desires of getting rich or having a dilemma of keeping their families under private benefits (Ijewereme 2015). Future Implications The research or causal factors can help in framing anti-corruptive practices. These factors must be addressed by the government and measures must be taken to resolving issues. The needs and factors that would eliminate corruption in the public sector must be addressed and taken into consideration. The causes of crime can also be used for providing future recommendations that would build a zero tolerance institution (Cooper 2012). Conclusion The article reviews the concept and causes of corruption in public sector. Corruption undermines the growth of a sound economic base which is the hallmark of the substance of the democratic culture. In its various forms corruption results in the malfunctioning of the economic system which in term effects such things as increased National debt, failed development projects and increased the poverty of the people. The aim of this study is to define and address the causes of corruption that is leading to global impacts. Corruption has a major impact on the political and economic system that affects participation and representation in the society. Every country is ranked on The Transparency International index that determines the level of corruption practiced by a particular country or economy. These rankings are based by several criterions such as embezzlement of public funds, bribery to public servants, the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts and cuts in public procurement. References Adler, P., 2012. PERSPECTIVEThe Sociological Ambivalence of Bureaucracy: From Weber via Gouldner to Marx.Organization Science, 23(1), pp.244-266. Balan, D. and Knack, S., 2012. The correlation between human capital and morality and its effect on economic performance: Theory and evidence.Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(3), pp.457-475. Campbell, J. and Gritz, A., 2013. Culture Corrupts! A Qualitative Study of Organizational Culture in Corrupt Organizations.J Bus Ethics, 120(3), pp.291-311. Cooper, J., 2012. Noble cause corruption as a consequence of role conflict in the police organisation.Policing and Society, 22(2), pp.169-184. Darbyshire, N., 2015.The shocking truth about police corruption in Britain. [online] The Spectator. Available at: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/03/the-shocking-truth-about-police-corruption-in-britain/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Department for International Development, 2015.Why corruption matters: understanding causes, effects and how to address them. [online] Available at: https://Why corruption matters: understanding causes, effects and how to address them [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Doig, A. and Theobald, R., 2013.Corruption and democratisation. London: Frank Cass. Dreher, A. and Gassebner, M., 2011. Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry.Public Choice, 155(3-4), pp.413-432. Dunleavy, P., 2014.Democracy, bureaucracy and public choice. 3rd ed. New York: Harvester. Evans, B., 2013.UK corruption getting worse poll finds as one in 20 Britons admit to bribing public service officials. [online] Mail Online. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2358665/UK-corruption-getting-worse-poll-finds-20-Britons-admit-bribing-public-service-officials.html [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Fukuyama, F., 2014.State-building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First-Century. 3rd ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Gottschalk, P., 2011. White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels?.Crit Crim, 20(2), pp.169-182. Huberts, L., 2014.Integrity of governance. Ijewereme, O., 2015. Anatomy of Corruption in the Nigerian Public Sector: Theoretical Perspectives and Some Empirical Explanations.SAGE Open, 5(2). Ijewereme, O., 2015. Anatomy of Corruption in the Nigerian Public Sector: Theoretical Perspectives and Some Empirical Explanations.SAGE Open, 5(2). Koudelkov, P. and Senichev, V., 2015. Mix Research Approach towards Corruption Experts Perception: Challenges and Limitations.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, pp.39-47. Nur-tegin, K. and Czap, H., 2012. Corruption: Democracy, Autocracy, and Political Stability.Economic Analysis and Policy, 42(1), pp.51-66. Owen, J., 2013.Britain's bribery boom: One in 20 has bribed a public official as. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-bribery-boom-one-in-20-has-bribed-a-public-official-as-corruption-rises-8696181.html [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Palermo, T., 2014. Accountability and Expertise in Public Sector Risk Management: A Case Study.Financial Accountability Management, 30(3), pp.322-341. Ramady, M., 2013.Political, economic and financial country risk. Salminen, A. and Mntysalo, V., 2013. Exploring the Public Service Ethos.Public Integrity, 15(2), pp.167-186. Transparency.org, 2016.Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition. [online] Available at: https://www.transparency.org/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Yeboah-Assiamah, E., Asamoah, K., Bawole, J. and Musah-Surugu, I., 2016. A socio-cultural approach to public sector corruption in Africa: key pointers for reflection.Journal of Public Affairs, p.n/a-n/a.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches Essay Example

Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches Essay This paper will analyze two strategic initiatives of an organization and how they match up with the HR approaches. Many organizations realize that it is their people who bring them a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Well planned HR management policies and practices are one of the common denominators of successful organizations. Let us take a look at how two strategic initiatives of an organization play a role in HR management. First initiative is diversity. Most American companies embrace and encourage diversity amongst their employees. These companies believe that diversity brings different approaches to product development and leads the way to globalization; all of which manifests in profit. Second initiative is promoting health and safety at work. Unsafe work conditions or occupational health issues can impact an organization’s bottom-line. In many organizations, one of the major goals is to reduce occupational hazards, avoid injuries, and minimize manpower loss. HR must accommodate the needs of the organization. Ivancevich amp; Konopaske (2013) said, â€Å"today, because of the recognition of the crucial importance of people, HRM in an increasing number of organizations has become a major player in developing strategic plans and facilitating changes within the organization† (p. 8). ? Strategic Initiative 1: Diversity Companies realize that employing diversity at workforce will give them a better understanding of the demographics of the marketplace they serve thus creating a competitive edge for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Organization Initiatives vs Hr Approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ivancecich amp; Konopaske (2013) asserted that an increasing number of studies illustrated that diversity-friendly strategies have a significant impact on the end results (p. 50). Companies create an image of being socially responsible while increasing their profit margin by expanding their consumer base. HR approaches are diverted into seeking diversity in their candidate pool ensuring the workforce contains diverse employees. While seeking for diversity in a candidate pool, HR must create an environment for its diverse workforce that effective and non-discriminatory. Strategic Initiative 2: Promoting Health and Safety Safety hazards are anything such as an environment, material, or equipment that can potentially cause bodily injury or death. Health hazards are dangers to health resulting from continuous exposure to environmental pollutants, such as asbestos, radiation or fumes, or cigarette smoking, chemical abuse, or continuous use of equipment that gradually causes deterioration of health such as carpal tunnel syndrome. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, â€Å"the overall rate of severe occupational injuries/illnesses remained essentially unchanged in 2011 at 117 cases per 10,000 full-time workers† (http://www. bls. gov/news. release/archives/cfoi_09202012. htm). A huge responsibility lays on HR management with the company’s strategic initiative of promoting health and safety at work. The HR approach should be to promote safety training and wellness programs. Although these are costly approaches, lack of them could be even more detrimental to company’s bottom line. HR must consider several issues as described by Ivancevichamp; Konopaske (2013): * â€Å"Are safety rules being observed? How many near misses have occurred? * Are safety guards, protective equipment, and so on being used? * Are there potentially hazards in the workplace that safety redesign could improve? * Are there potentially occupational health hazards? † (p. 539). Additionally, HR must have a preventative wellness approach to minimize any potential loss of work and protect company employees against recurring environmental culprits such as allergies and flu. Smoking cessation programs, free mammography are great HR approaches to maintain employee health. In order to minimize loss of work, large organizations maintain company medical offices where a full time nurse by stands. These offices provide flu shots or immediate intervention in providing medical care. Conclusion HR practices need to be aligned with the strategic initiatives of the organization. Employees’ safety and well-being is as important to an organization as creating a platform of diversity. While diversity provides a company greater reach in the marketplace, safe environment assures work continuation and less legal problems. Expanding market reach and safety at work both result in either dollars saved or dollars earned. When it becomes a strategic initiative for an organization to create diversity or safe workplace, HR becomes the most important function upon which to rely. Although, at times, it might be costly to maintain safety at work, provide initiatives for the well-being of employees, or create programs to integrate diversity at workplace, HR must continue to seek out opportunities that create a platform where company goals can be achieved. References Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries News Release. (2012, September 20). U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from http://www. bls. gov/news. release/archives/cfoi_09202012. htm Ivancevich, J. M. , amp; Konopaske, R. (2013). Human Resource Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Terrorism in Political Protest

Terrorism in Political Protest Terrorism can be defined as a premeditated, politically motivated violence directed against noncombatant targets, by sub-national groups to achieve political, economic or religious ends.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Political Protest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International terrorism can be considered as the one which involves citizens or a territory of more than one country (Cottle 34). In many instances, the aims of terrorists are similar to those of political groups whose views have to be dominant over those of their opponents. Terrorism is used to achieve progress within a short time than the pace in their current political atmosphere. It can also be said that terrorism is a more advanced stage of failed political process that starts with inequities and injustice. It moves from frustrated attempts of reform that breeds fear and temper, to confrontations related to politics that erupts in vio lence. They can be used to rationalize the use of any type of violence against any target (Sanders 95). Flashpoint (para.3) states that there are several forms of terrorism in existence. In urbanized countries, the traditional guerrilla warfare is mostly not appropriate. The reason behind is that rebels when attacked by superior forces cannot achieve and get hold of control over territory. In addition, they can not manage employing hit and run attacks effectively without having large losses. This resulted to formation of a new doctrine known as the urban guerrilla warfare which used terrorist tactics. In the 1990s a new form of international terrorism was formed. The group appeared to be less rational, not focused, deadly, and more international. This form of terrorism was known as Islamist Terrorism (Flashpoint para.4). An example of a recent terrorism attack is the one that happened in Southeast Asia in the year 2005. Since September 2001, the Australian prime minister had drawn s ignificant political progress. The political progress was a result of well-worn clichà © that changed the world on that tragic day (Club De Madrid para4). Force was needed to do away with the growing frustrations in politics, existential temper, and logistic ability for the hijackers to plan and implement the plots that had been evident for long. This was growing incrementally to anyone who was prepared to listen to the voices ignored from official avenues of political authority. The modern international politics took very little attention on the marginal voices (Club De Madrid para.8).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Australia’s commitment to Southeast Asia rose up to governmental level since 1970s. Even after the rise, contacts were only confined to the elites. Out of fearing antagonizing authoritarian regimes, Australian governments and diplomats cut thei r relationships with groups and individuals who were not from their regional political establishments (Club De Madrid, para.9). Taking advantage from the observations, a wider set of affairs which constituted formal and informal voices from the opposition reduced the distress which was as a result of attacks by terrorist in Bali after 11th September 2001. Club De Madrid asserts that the of effects of the attacks on September 11, and attacks at Bali which left many people dead was the beginning of a deep feeling of insecurity within Australian society (para.12). The conservative government of Howard preyed on public confusion that was caused by attacks on September 11 and the attacks at Bali. Their intention was to demonize seekers of asylums who came to Australia from Muslim countries (Club De Madrid, para.13). Club De Madrid. Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Australia as part of the problem. 22nd Feb 2005. Web.13th Mar 2011. Cottle, Sarah. Reporting demonstrations and protest: public spheres, public screens, in: mediatized conflict: developments in media and conflict studies. Berkishire: Open University Press, 2006. Print. Flashpoints. ‘Terrorism political violence: Guide to world conflicts. N. d. Web.13th Feb 2011.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in Political Protest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sanders, Karen. communication in opposition, protest and violence, in: communicating politics in the twenty-first century. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2009. Print.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Acinetobacter Baumannii - Article Review

Background Acinetobacter baumannii is a pleomorphic aerobic gram-negative bacillus (similar in appearance to Haemophilus influenzae on Gram stain) commonly isolated from the hospital environment and hospitalized patients. A baumannii is a water organism and preferentially colonizes aquatic environments. This organism is often cultured from hospitalized patients sputum or respiratory secretions, wounds, and urine. In a hospital setting, Acinetobacter commonly colonizes irrigating solutions and intravenous solutions. Acinetobacter species have low virulence but are capable of causing infection. Most Acinetobacter isolates recovered from hospitalized patients, particularly those recovered from respiratory secretions and urine, represent colonization rather than infection. Acinetobacter infections are uncommon but, when they occur, usually involve organ systems that have a high fluid content (eg, respiratory tract, CSF, peritoneal fluid, urinary tract), manifesting as nosocomial pneumonia, infections associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), or catheter-associated bacteruria. The presence of Acinetobacter isolates in respiratory secretions in intubated patients nearly always represents colonization. Acinetobacter pneumonias occur in outbreaks and are usually associated with colonized respiratory-support equipment or fluids. Nosocomial meningitis may occur in colonized neurosurgical patients with external ventricular drainage tubes. A baumannii is a multiresistant aerobic gram-negative bacillus sensitive to relatively few antibiotics. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter is not a new or emerging phenomenon, but A baumannii has always been an organism inherently resistant to multiple antibiotics. Pathophysiology In the uncommon situations in which Acinetobacter causes actual infection, the athological changes that occur depend on the organ system involved. The pathological changes, as observed in patients with pneumonia, are indistinguishable from those caused by other noncavitating aerobic gram-negative bacilli that cause nosocomial pneumonias. Similarly, Acinetobacter urinary tract infections are clinically indistinguishable from catheter-associated bacteremias caused by other aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Frequency International Acinetobacter commonly colonizes patients in the intensive care setting. Acinetobacter colonization is particularly common in patients who are intubated and n those who have multiple intravenous lines or monitoring devices, surgical drains, or indwelling urinary catheters. Acinetobacter infections are uncommon and occur almost exclusively in hospitalized patients. Mortality/Morbidity   Although Acinetobacter is primarily a colonizer in the hospital environment, it occasionally causes infection. Mortality and morbidity resulting from A baumannii infection relate to the underlying cardiopulmonary immune status of the host rather than the inherent virulence of the organism. ЂÃ'ž Mortality and morbidity rates in patients who are very ill with multisystem disease are increased because of their nderlying illness rather than the superimposed infection with Acinetobacter. Race Acinetobacter infection has no known racial predilection. Sex Acinetobacter infection has no known sexual predilection. Age Acinetobacter infection has no known predilection for age. Other Problems to Be Considered The main differential diagnostic problem presented by Acinetobacter is to differentiate colonization from infection. In the presence of pulmonary infiltrates in ICU patients, CAPC)-associated peritonitis, meningitis, wound infection, or catheter-associated bacteruria, the differential iagnoses include other aerobic gram-negative bacilli that colonize or infect these fluids, ie, Enterobacter species, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, and Serratia marcescens. Because Acinetobacter is predominantly a colonizing organism, the burden of proof is on the clinician to demonstrate its pathogenic role in a given situation.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Family of Tata Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Family of Tata Corporate Strategy - Essay Example Ideally, there is supposed to be a group brand allying all the parties to the corporate development of the company as a whole. The pros outweigh the cons since there is a likely fight for market domination and a stated, Tata does not need 42 brands to be able to compete with other established companies like Mitsubishi. It requires one strong brand that will be competitive in the market. One of the advantages of re-uniting and corporately trying to achieve the brand strategies is that there will a tendency to achieve the brand recognition and loyalty by the customers. Formation of the many separate brands according to the owner taste is that there will be a tendency of the brands to confuse the customers. The customers who were even used to one brand in the market will now be divided toward which brand to follow. Another reason why there should be a high level of unity in the brand creation is that there is maintenance of the image of size and quality. The corporate brand will be foun ded on the basis of economies of scale and will be relevant in the creation of the general image of the company (Wu, Palepu, & Khanna, 2006, p. 2). It will be seen as a strong company based on an established business to the business. Reliability is created when there is a loyalty shown by the customers based on the strength of the company. There are also adverse cons in the proposed corporate branding. There are different companies with different share values on the company. Therefore, here will still be misunderstanding given that the business laws are indicative of the fact that anyone owning more than 51% of the shares owns the company. Therefore, much as the brand will be the same, binding and corporate, there will be every level of disintegration leading to a slow progress if the company. Building Of Equity Interlocks Among the Tata Companies Tata companies have investments in very many business interests. The equity interlocks it has generated over he many years of its existen ce are evident of the abilities it has generated. If the companies are closely held by contractual agreement, there will be a situation in which all the company management team will put the focus of their efforts on the development of the company strategies. There might also be situations when some agreements are based on mutual consensus. Mutual consensus however is not part of the company operations given the case of Tata and the much strife. It is therefore not easier for a company faced with the situation as it is at Tata to build a group brand. If it is build, there will be a large business empire in operation and will require an absolute corporate operation for there to be success. The advantages of the interlocks are diverse. First, there will be a cost leadership, product differentiation and focus strategy as far as market positioning is concerned. When this happens, there will be a creation of an economy of scale in the company in which case Tata will have low access to inp uts as far as costs are concerned (Doole & Lowe, 2008, p. 278). These inputs are a reference to all factors of production in land, capital, labour and entrepreneurship. Therefore, he interlocking in the company improves the competitive position of the company. However, this interlocking takes away the autonomy of the individual companies in the interlock brands. Each brand usually carries its own advantages and the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Seperate program for gifted and talented students (History of Research Paper

Seperate program for gifted and talented students (History of Education) - Research Paper Example with extra support so that they can achieve what they are capable of achieving instead of being restricted by the same curriculum delivered to the whole body of students. A number of factors can affect the ability of gifted and talented students to achieve, even if they are provided with additional stimulating material, and these include their physical (health) and emotional (psychological) states, degree of interest, the relationship with their teacher, and their learning environment. Nonetheless, we shall consider two reasons supporting separate programs for gifted and talented students as well as two reasons for not supporting such programs. The main argument for supporting them is that by not doing so, there are missed opportunities for the students themselves and also the society in which they could have made useful contributions. Research by the National Commission on Excellence in Education highlighted that over half of gifted school students in the U.S. fail to meet their tested ability with comparable achievement (NCEE, 1983). Although this is an old assessment, the situation is not much different nowadays. The present No child left behind policy for example does not cater to gifted students. Thus, many gifted children are not being given the opportunity to exploit their talents. They are simply not being sufficiently challenged (Pulliam & Patten, 2006, p.185). Even the 2011 education budget has been described as a missed opportunity by the Council for Exceptional Children and the Education Act does not directly address the unique learning needs of gifted students (Shinn, 2009). Another reason for supporting gifte d students is that due to their untapped potential and being in asynchronous development, they tend to be more vulnerable (CDI, 2010). Being asynchronous means that their intellectual capacities could be developing at a greater rate than their physical and emotional capacities. Therefore, it is important to help gifted students lest their

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Endangered Species Should Be Prioritized Essay Example for Free

Endangered Species Should Be Prioritized Essay Endangered species are native species that faces a risk of extinction in the future. For example, animals that are already extinct like the dodo birds, platypuses that are going to be extinct and many more. These animals are endangered due to climate changes and habitat destruction. The term endangered species can be used in a legal or general context. In a general context, it means species that are facing extinction but it is not protected by the law. When used in a legal context, it refers to a species that is protected by the law (Klappenbach 2013). According to the World Wildlife Fund, there are 801 animals that are already extinct and 3,789 number of animals that are critically endangered. Although it is believed that we should leave nature to take its own course in determining the fate of these species, we need to start prioritizing these species because if the endangered species go extinct, it will cause the imbalance to the ecosystem, preservation of the endangered animals can bring huge benefits to mankind and wild animals represent the Earth. We should protect these endangered species because if these species go extinct, it can imbalance the ecosystem. Firstly, the ecosystem imbalance can be a threat to the human health. It can prevent diseases and it can also sustain good health for the humans. The ecosystem supplies the humans with shelter, clothing, food and a stable climate. The forests provide the mankind oxygen. If humans keep chopping down all the forests, humans will not have enough oxygen and by the end of the day, humans too will be extinct. Moreover, every single animal is important for the balance of the ecosystem. If one animal has been wiped out, it can ruin the chain life. For example, if algae in the pond is destroyed then the tadpoles that feasts on algae will no longer have food. The tadpoles will die of hunger which will mean, there will be few frogs left. The lizards outside of the pond which rely on the frogs for food will have nothing to eat and the lizards will eventually die. Then the birds that rely on the lizards will die and the food chain goes on and on. As you can see, killing one little life can be abig effect to the food chain. Humans are constantly coming in contact with the endangered species that they have become extinct. Most of the animals and plants are destroyed by illegal logging. According to WWF, 73% of timber production in Indonesia is believed to come from illegal logging, 25% of Russia’s timber exports originate from illegal logging and 70% of the harvested timber in Gabon is considered illegal. Imagine how many species the humans killed from the statistic. It is important to preserve the endangered species for our future children. Endangered species should be our priority because we should also preserve the endangered species in order to cure sickness. Animals and plants can bring us a lot of benefits like medicine benefits. About forty percent of the medicine these days come from the natural compounds of different species. These species can be very helpful and also a life saver (Kurpis 2002). We may never know that in some forests there are plants that can cure AIDS or cancer. If we keep clearing forests, we destroy plants that can save the lives of many people. There are some exotic plants like the Calendula flower. The Calendula flower is use to heal treatments for irritations such as eczema (Hughes 2013). The Ginseng plant can be use internally, it stimulates the immune system, lowers high blood pressure and it has the ability to handle stress. Another reason why we should preserve the endangered species is so that our children in the future can see the animals we have now. Animals like the Orangutans are endangered now. Due to deforestation and hunting, the Orangutans are at risk of being extinct. Our children may see the Orangutans now but if they go extinct, they cannot see the Orangutans anymore. Preserving species can also increase the ecotourism in our country. Tourists from all over the world can visit our country and admire the beautiful nature that we have in our country. It will also increase our economy. Places like Bako National Park attracts foreign tourists to visit and see the unique plants and animals we have. Tourists will be amazed with the beauty of our forests and maybe they will come back again. Protecting these endangered animals is very important for us humans because these animals represent our Earth. Without them, we will not be living on the earth till this day. It is the humans’ fault that the animals are endangered. Humans do illegal logging, poaching and hunting. Many species are destroyed by these human activities. Therefore, it is the most responsible thing to do to protect the endangered species. It is the least we can do to make up what we have done to these poor animals and species. Put yourself in their shoes. What if our home has been blown up and we have nowhere else to go. That is how the animals feel. We should feel some empathy for these animals. This is because, if the animals go extinct, it will disrupt the circle of life and also the food chain. We have more knowledge than the animals. As humans with more education, we know what is best for the animals. We should provide them with good shelter. We also have the money to do so. Animals do not work for a living and get paid. We should use what we have to protect the species. Even though most animal activists believe that we should protect these animals, we can understand that we should let nature takes its own course. Animals die due to environmental change. For example, global warming. Due to global warming, it will cause a draught. The species would not have water to drink and eventually they will die. That is how nature works. We cannot fight the nature. However this argument is weak because we are the one who have caused this change in nature. Humans cause global warming. Humans do activities like open burning, illegal logging, harmful smokes from factories and many more. Due to massive illegal hunting, animals are not reproducing. If humans are always hunting and killing animals, it will be hard for the animals to mate and therefore they cannot reproduce more and the animals are at risk of extinction due to these cruel human activities. It is very important to prioritize the endangered species because if they are not protected, our ecosystem will be imbalance, they provide us with medicinal benefits and they represent our Earth. There are many ways to protect the endangered species. If we cannot donate any money to protect them, we can also protect them by doing little things at home. For example, we can learn about endangered species in our area. We should teach our friends and family about the wildlife that live near us. The first step isto know how important it is to protect the endangered species. The natural world provides us with sources like clean water, food and medicinal sources. We should also use less pesticides on our plants. It is hazardous and it can affect the wildlife at many levels. We should report any shooting of animals to the authorities. Harassing wildlife is illegal. Conserving the habitats is one of the most important ways to protect plants and animals that are at risk of being extinct by protecting their habitats in national parks. However they cannot live with too much interference from humans so we should protect habitats outside reserves such as farms and along the roadsides. We can also plant native plants around our housing area. It will attract birds, butterflies and maybe even some threatened species. This is why we should protect the endangered species and not leave them to die. (1,332 words) References 10 Easy things you can do at home to protect endangered species, viewed 30 June 2013, http://www.stopextinction.org/10athome.html. Endangered Species Statistics, viewed 30 June 2013 http://www.statisticbrain.com/endangered-species-statistics/. Illegal Logging, viewed 30 June 2013 http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation/forest_illegal_logging/. Lauren Kurpis, 2013, Why Save the Endangered Species?, viewed 18 June 2013 http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Why_Save_.htm. Lauren Kurpis 2013, Ways you can help endangered species, viewed 18 June 2013 http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm. Tim Bowen, Ecosystem is a threat to human health, viewed 18 June 2013, http://www.medicinalnewstoday.com/releases/34791.php. Why Every Animal is so Important for Keeping Earth’s Ecosystem Healthy, viewed 17 June 2013, http://earth.com/why-every-animal-is-so-important-for-keeping-earth%E2%80%99s-ecosystem-healthy-by-admin-on-june-12,2010.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Effective Use of Color in William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Neuromancer Essays

Effective Use of Color in Neuromancer As I sit in my chair and type this essay, I am amazed to see myself staring into the computer next to me and wondering if William Gibson was indeed correct. The screen, which is a dark gray, has been put on "sleep mode" by Windows 98 but has not been powered off. It is not only the monitor that troubles me as I stare blankly into it, but rather, it is "the color of television, tuned to a dead channel." This is how Gibson touches the reader in Neuromancer. He uses images of colors with which the human eye is all too familiar, and, more specifically, he uses shades of these colors. One color, which particularly stands alone in Gibson's use and effectiveness, is gray. It represents so much in the novel and adds incredible dimensions beyond simple description. With the opening line, the coloring reveals the nature of his futuristic Earth. "The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel." In the modern world, there are not too many people who do not know this color. The "snow" effect has been commonly used to describe it, as well as static, haze, and a number of other terms, but the color remains the same. It is the color of frustration, hopelessness and non-clarity, much like Case's world. There is very little hope left in Case's life as Gibson opens the novel, and within fifteen words, the reader is well aware of this fact. Not only does the world continue a bleak existence, but so to do the main characters of the novel. Molly, for example, is a lost assassin. She is not physically lost but rather spiritually as she has turned into a killing machine. The only true way to describe it is cold-blooded. Her icy nature is revealed, once again, through the use of the color gray. Her eyes, or what is left of them, used silver, mirrored lenses. Just by her paratactic description, the reader syntactically knows her faults through her faulty vision. In addition to Molly, one other member of Case's team is flawed using the color gray. This is Armitage, or Corto. Armitage is merely a shell of a man created by an Artificial Intelligence. To indicate the instability of Armitage/Corto, Gibson shows Armitage in a gray business suit, which contrasts starkly to the image the reader sees of Corto's military days, where he would have worn a camouflaged uniform.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Electronic books Essay

An e-book reader, sometimes also called an e-book device, is a device used to display e-books. It may be a device specifically designed for that purpose, or one intended for other purposes as well. The term is restricted to hardware devices, not software programs. The main advantages of these devices are portability, light diffusion, and long battery life. It should be noted that any Personal Data Assistant (PDA) capable of displaying text on a screen is capable of being an e-book reader. At first when the e-book devices were introduced those were supposed to be made for the elite class as the people belonging from the lower class could not afford it. But now mass productions of the e-book devices have made life easy and more convenient. You can have an e-book device fit in your pocket and read books on the move (Harold , 2001). Now you can an e-book device for as low as $10, the device may not have to be some thing sophisticated or complicated but a simple machine with a built-in screen which provides you light to read what the electronic book says. Devices with extra ordinary functions are costly and the prices start from $100-$2000, these devices are only used by people who travel a lot and have to have something that is reliable. An example of the e-book reader could be Amazon Kindle, A long thin pad electronically controlled and easy to fit in pocket cost $384 and has been ranked as the best selling e-book reader of 2008 and 2009. To conclude e-book devices have gain market share tremendously have now have become common among teachers , students and business profesionals. References Book Harold, H. (2001). Electronic books and publishing. Springer.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Frankenstein and Bladerunner Essay

How do Frankenstein and Bladerunner reflect their Composers context? Mary Shelley’s Gothic Romantic novel Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Science Fictions Noir film Blade Runner both explore similar ideas however relative to the context in which they were both made. Both Scott and Shelley use their texts as a cautionary tale, warning humanity of their inevitable downfall through greed and the exploitation of nature, and the influence science is slowly obtaining over the role of religion. Through the use of visual and auditory techniques, Scott demonstrates how nature and religion are absent in a world overrun by consumerism and technology while Shelley similarly uses imagery and allusions to hint at the consequences humanity will suffer if they try to better God through the misuse of science and the exploitation and nature. Humanity’s rejection of the natural world in favour of the unnatural pursuit of technology to prolong life is a major concern in both Shelley’s Frankenstein and Scott’s Blade Runner. In the world of Frankenstein, nature is an important aspect of a person’s life and beliefs. Shelley conveys Victor’s desire to conquer nature through the use of his narration such as â€Å"new species would bless me as its creator†¦many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. † The monster is then used as a metaphor for the inevitable consequences of the exploitations of nature. She therefore uses Frankenstein as a warning against the rising industrial revolution. Similarly Scott uses Blade Runner to warn society against the exploitation or nature through the rise of consumerism in the 1980s. The long shot of a dark dystopian Los Angeles after the opening credits juxtaposed with jets of fire from oil refinery towers warns the viewer of the consequences of consumerism through the exploitation of nature. There is also a lack of natural imagery such as plants and animals seen in Blade Runner and the use of chiaroscuro lighting gives the world a very artificial tone indicating to the audience that nature has been destroyed.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Decision Making Process Essay examples

Decision Making Process Essay examples Decision Making Process Essay examples Decision- Making Process One of the personal decisions that I had to take and that wasn’t easy was enrolling in school. First of all I had to take the decision to go to the school and talk with the academic adviser to see what was best for my career. I had to check my schedule to see when I had time, then I called the consoler and made an appointment. Once I was there I check for all the opportunities that I had, and I made the decision based on the career path I wanted to take. My carrier advisor talked to me about the two differences options that were best for my career and my goals. Finally I made the decision of what and how I wanted to study, we then made the schedule and the final point was to start school. Until now that was the best decision I ever made. My decision making- process was very similar to the one that was described in the text because it followed a series of steps of which you had to take in order to reach your goals. The book said that the steps in the decision making process are identifying and diagnosing the Problem, Generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, making the choice, implementing the decision, and finally evaluating the decision. As you can see in the first paragraph where I was talking about the decision making process I order to start school was the same process as the one describe in the book. Every decision starts with the collection of information, alternatives, values and the preferences available at the time of the decision. I think my decision wouldn’t change if I used the same steps because the decision making process that the book

Monday, November 4, 2019

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemistry - Essay Example One expects them to be the same and hence have similar properties which is not the case for example Ethyl alcohol has higher boiling point, the have different solubilities in water. ii) Burning wood leaves an ash that is only a small fraction of the mass of the original wood but according to Dalton, all matters is composed of extremely small indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms and chemicals changes are merely rearrangements of these atoms to form new compounds, the total number of atoms (and mass) remaining constant throughout. iv) According to Dalton, when elements combine to form compounds, they do so in proportion, which for any particular compound, are simple and fixed. Thus since the atoms any element have always the same mass, it follows that the proportion by mass of various elements in the compound are also fixed, which is not the case in liH since one sample is 89.4% of li by mass whereas the other is 74.9% li by

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Sports Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports Science - Essay Example Though it not a new theory, yet it should be recognized that majority of research is based on experience from dealing with sporting activities, which have been practiced to underpin physical education for many years. The remarkable theory about LTAD is that it brings the variety of theories practiced by different bodies under one umbrella with codified structures and systems. LTAD has 'packaged' the theories for mass understanding and has adopted more effective mechanism for applying the theories to integrate whole sports system which includes coaching, training, playing and competition. The basic principles on which LTAD is based are: It is necessary to devote 8-12 years of consistent practice in order to achieve the level of an expert in that field. Research confirms that this is true about developing any skill, such as learning to play musical instrument or playing sport. This is also referred to as '10,000 hour rule' which relates to practice of 3hours a day for ten years. This requires focused and consistent commitment, and not most players would achieve it. The objective is to encourage and enable all young people to develop confidence in their basic movement skill which are fundamental. Expose young children to wide variety of sports at an early age, which prepares them with better attitude for lifelong participation in sport, because their self-perception of their sporting ability is positive. It also better prepares them to achieve their full potential. The objective is to identify those stages during child's physical and psychological development that offer optimum opportunities to develop movement skill-agility, balance, co-ordination; basic sport skills like running, jumping, throwing and striking; which are necessary attribute for sports related activities. Missing these optimum stages can have impact on reaching their highest potential. LTAD is systematic training in childhood and adolescence which opens the window of opportunity for future success as an athlete. "A specific and well-planned practice, training, competition and recovery regime will ensure optimum development throughout an athlete's career" http://www.sportdevelopment.org.uk/html/balyi2004.html The ultimate objective to ensure sustained success which comes from training and performing well over long term rather than winning in short term. Athletic preparation is serious commitment and there is no escape from hard and consistent practice. There is no short cut to Athlete training. LTAD is a sports science which is based on training, competition, and recovery plan which is based on the developmental age which is the maturation level of the child rather than the chronological age. "The program is athlete centred, coach driven, and administration, sport science, and sponsor supported. Athletes who progress through LTAD experience training and competition in programs that consider their biological and training ages in creating periodized plans specific to their development needs" http://www.ltad.ca/content/home.asp LTAD has developed two specialization models: Early specialization model focuses on these areas; Training to train stage Training to compete stage Training to win stage Retirement/ retainment Late specialization model, focuses on these areas; Fundamental stage Learning to train stage